Music torture: How heavy metal broke Manuel Noriega
On Christmas Day, 1989, Panamanian strongman General Manuel Noriega - who died this week - became the most famous victim.
The repressive military leader had holed himself up in the Vatican's embassy in Panama City, after President George Bush Senior invaded Panama.
Noriega was facing a US indictment for drug-trafficking, as well as claims he had rigged the 1989 election.
The embassy was surrounded by US troops, but he refused to give himself up.
The US army decided to use psychological warfare - by blasting a wall of sound non-stop outside. A fleet of Humvees mounted with loudspeakers rolled in, and rock music rolled out.
...Perhaps inevitably, The Holy See complained to President Bush, and the musical war was stopped after three days.
By 3 January 1990 the general, said to be an opera lover, had agreed to surrender.
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